Wellness :: essays research papers

My Own Health HistoryToday I would say that I am somaticly healthy, moreover I could be more emotionally healthy. The reason I feel this way is because I am currently training for the Berea College track and field team. To do this I realize to run times that are not easily attained. This is what causes me to be physically healthy. This is vertical one of many factors that I believe have influenced my physical health. Others allow overwhelmming, basketball, walking, cross-country, my own somebodyal view of my self, and the way others view me. All of these factors have played a positive influence on my training habits and abilities.Basketball has been a very large part of my life. It was the first sport I ever learned to play. When I was younger I would watch my older brothers and my uncles go the greens and play. It was something I enjoyed doing. That has a lot to do with your health. If you can find something you love to do and can give you a workout then you can be considered healthy. Playing basketball made me better physically and mentally. As I grew older I started to play more, which put me in better shape. Finally by my freshman year I was playing for my high school. I learned the immense skills as well as teamwork. This is an example of how sports develop a person mentally and physically. While playing basketball probably was the most enjoyable it did not put me in the best shape.I have tried just about every sport in my life, but the two that I have been most successful at are swimming, and running. Running is the one I have decided to do in college, but I also love swimming. I started swimming when I was about two years old, but I did not start competitively swimming until the summer before my junior year. I trained daily when I joined my summer swim team after my best friend told me it would be good for the upcoming cross country season. After swimming I realized that it is a great way to learn controlled breathing, and to increase your VO2 ma x. It is also a great workout for your legs and arms. And the competition from swimming teaches sportsmanship, and punctuality. Swimming to me was a major part of my health and physical fitness my junior and senior year, but the biggest part was running cross-country and track and field.

John Wesley and the Methodist Church- Analysis of “Methodism and the Ch

I have been a steadfast believer that if one does not understand where you come from you bottom of the inning have small(a) understanding of where your heading. The first thirty-two pages of the book on Methodism and the Christian Heritage in England gave a background as to Wesleys foundation that so some authors overlook. The first page summed it up best in The long course of English ecclesiastical history met the force of a new concern for renewal, twain individual and institutional. A long tradition of propositional certainty of faith met the power of a personal experience of faith. An institution built by and for the establishment met a concern for the souls and bodies of the disenfranchised (p.1, Heitzenrater). This explained the transformation of both individuals and the Church at this moment in history. Of how a small congregation in Stanton Harcourt would be the starting foreshadow for a guest preacher, would shortly become the leader of an evangelical revival that wou ld, during his lifetime, spread across the lands and become a trans-Atlantic movement (p. 1, Heitzenrater). How many present at St. Michaels on that June 11 Sunday morning in 1738 realized just how important this day would be in the history of the Church in the British Isle, America and throughout the world. How the step taken by the monarchs of England influenced the Church in England to be transformed into the Church of England. The struggle in the theology of Lutheran, Calvinist, Catholicism, and Moravianism, to name just a few, would all have an influence in the foundation of the Methodist movement. Of how John Wesley, paternal grandfather was brought before the Bishop of Bristol, gigabyte Ironside, to answer charges of nonconforming to the Thirty-Nine Articles (p. 1... ...day how do we make the church relevant to a society that sees it was being a product of a long past believe system. How do we allow people to explore their faith question and at the same time append a firm foundation? The influence of Calvinist, Mystics, New Age, Atheisms, and other religious faith has caused confusion among our cognation as to what they believe in. By studying this text with our congregations we can provide them with an understanding of where Methodism came from and where we are heading. I am looking forward in gaining a better understanding of where we came from to become Methodist so that I can better chart a course of where we are heading as a congregation, denomination and a people of faith. Let the journey begin.Works Cited1.Heitzenrater, Richard P. 1995, Wesley and the plenty Called Methodist. Abingdon Press, Nashville, TN.

Society, Class, and Conflict the Social Criticism of Virginia Woolf Ess

Virginia Woolf offers interesting analysis of social pressure and social class in Mrs. D solelyoway and The Years. Understanding Woolfs message more or less society demands a certain amount of sensitivity and decoding on behalf of her reader. Her social criticism in both texts can be easily unnoted because she keeps it subtle and implicit, hidden in the patterns and courses of her characters trains of thoughts. Yet upon such close reading, the crucial importance of conflict between the individual and society in Woolfs break becomes clear. While Mrs. Dalloway critiques the mental consequences of socialization, self-restraint, and the subsequent regret, The Years examines the relationship between the upper classes and the lower classes and the physical consequences of their respective places in society.Virginia Woolfs stream-of-consciousness style of narration is essential to her method of providing social criticism. Instead of forcing extreme physical situations or conflicts into her text, Woolf instead offers nuanced observations through her characters patterns and trains of thought. Virginia Woolf said of Mrs. Dalloway, I want to criticise the social system, and to show it at work, at its most intense (Zwerdling), a statement that may surprise some readers. However, allowing the reader to witness each individual thought of the characters as they ar linked together helps provide insight into how the social system influences their thoughts, memories, and ultimately their identities. The strength of Woolfs social criticism comes from her ability to infer judgment in this fashion and presents interesting perspectives on class conflict, socialization self-restraint, regret, and coming to terms (or rejecting) with the conditions ... ...s assuming particular identities and suppressing their desires. Through Rose, Woolf shows us that rebellion against this social order comes at a cost. Meanwhile, through Clarissa the reader learns of the the regret that must a ccompany assuming a social role for the sake of material success. Instead of focusing on the technological and economic progress of her time, Woolf highlights the psychological consequences of social change. As societies grow more complicated and intense with their development, her stream-of-consciousness style provides her readers with insight into the individual costs that we all must pay.Works CitedWoolf, Virginia. Mrs. Dalloway. Orlando Harcourt, 1981. Print.Woolf, Virginia. The Years. Orlando, FL Harcourt Brace & Company, 1937. Print.Zwerdling, Alex. Mrs. Dalloway and the Social System. PMLA 92.1 (1977) 69-82. Print.

Hinduism in American Life Essay -- Hindu Religion Compare Essays

Hinduism in American Life The English word devotion loosely translates into rules in Latin. Therefore, a religion teaches us how to think, how to act, and basically everything except what to eat in the morning. The Hindu and Christian religion agree on many things and our society follows some of the rules too because religion and laws be based on humanity. From holy literature many different ideas have been pawned but they be all supposed to lead you to the same things a happy, healthy life, contribution to the world around us, and some kind of liberation after death. Concerning these ideals the Hindu religion has come up with three ways to fool sure that everybody will get what they want out of life and those are the four plays, the four goals, and the four companys of life. There is so much holy contend about which religion is right and wrong but if they all are striving for the same thing it is hard for me to see why they take place. In this essay I will show that Christia nity is very similar to Hinduism.The first thing that the Hindus follow to insure that you grow up to be productive (if you are in the upper three castes) is having specific stages of life. In other words throughout our life we have different responsibilities and duties which are spelled out by the sanctified Scriptures. The four stages are student, family man, forest dweller and ascetic. The first stage of student requires you to go to school (if you were a male) and be initiated with the Upanayana ceremony. If a kid was at the top of the caste system and was preparing to be a priest he needs to get trained and before he gets trained he essential have a Upanayana ceremony because without these he wont know what he is talking about and wont know and wont have any credibility when he becomes a priest. It isnt enough just to get an education and a little plaque on your wall, you mustiness have lived a celibate life and you must be provided for by your family. This is a way of getti ng them to think a certain way since harmonise to Hindu laws believe all members of a certain caste are supposed to do the same thing in the same way. The next stage of family man is also one that gets you not only to act a certain way but think a certain way. In this stage a man is supposed to get a wife, get a family, and repay his debts to everything that helped him including society. If you can do thes... ... to make duties and responsibilities more straightforward is the caste system. The caste system is based on reincarnation and the better Hindu that youve been in past lives makes you who you are. The highest people up on the social pyramid are the priests followed by kings, then merchants and finally the servents. It makes clear just how good and pure the person has been in this and past lives because they are either high up on the ravel or they arent. There is something beneficial about being seen as a good person. Since most of our morals in America come from the Bible if you are seen as a good Christian than you will get special job offers and when you meet your girlfriends parents they wont hate you. In India you can tell who is a servant apart from who is a king because of what they do in a day and what kind of clothes they wear and so on In America we have little status symbols such as crosses that go around our neck and making conversation of what you learned in the account book or church. The whole point of the caste system is to segregate people and give some people certain advantages based on how well they accord with the popular religious beliefs based on region of the world.

Summary of Bless Me, Ultima Essay -- Literature Bless Me Ultima Essays

Summary of Bless Me, Ultima Bless Me, Ultima is a story or so the maturation of a young Mexican-American boy, Antonio Marez, struggling with many questions about his destiny, tone and death, and good and evil. Ultima who comes to live with Antonio becomes his caretaker and his teacher. Antonio learns there are powers in the world that differ from his beliefs in the Catholic faith. Ultima teaches Antonio that the tragic consequences of life can be overcome by the supernaturalal strength that resides in the human heart. Ultima shows Antonio how to experience the magic of life with his heart and not with his eyes. For the first time, he cods the river not as something to be feared unless as a source of life, I had been afraid of the wicked presence of the river, which was the soul of the river, but through her I learned that my spirit shared in the spirit of all things. The river is both creative and destructive in nature. It is this new magical way of seeing the river that willing help Antonio understand many of the events that occur in the novel. Ultima also teaches Antonio to appreciate nature and helps him develop a spiritual relationship with the plants of the llano. It is this growing harmony with the earth that will later help Antonio connect with his heritage and the ancient ways of his ancestors. Ultima teaches him the magic of nature, even the plants had a spirit, and before I dug she made me speak to the plant and tell it why we pulled it from its home in the earth. Antonio learns which plants are good for healing but more importantly he learns of Ultimas nobility and grace as they wonder the llano together. Ultima teaches Antonio that one must give back to the earth what has been taken away. It is this spirit... ... will build his own dreams, out of those things that were so much a part of my childhood. In the novel, Bless Me, Ultima, Antonio learns about his relationship with his universe. Through the teachings of Ultima, he lear ns to see with his heart and to appreciate all the magic that nature beholds. The river of life is never ending like the river that binds the llano to Guadalupe. All that Antonio has experienced is symbolized in the river and the life that surrounds it. Ultimately, it is his teacher and friend, Ultima, which teaches Antonio that life is a cycle and that arrest oneself brings peace and harmony. The river also serves to bind the past, present, and future. Antonio learns that his future is tied to his past and that his destiny will be guided by an understanding of his heritage and the magical strength that resides in the human heart.

Summary of Bless Me, Ultima Essay -- Literature Bless Me Ultima Essays

Summary of Bless Me, Ultima Bless Me, Ultima is a story about the development of a young Mexican-American boy, Antonio Marez, struggling with many questions about his destiny, animation and death, and good and evil. Ultima who comes to live with Antonio becomes his caretaker and his teacher. Antonio learns there are powers in the world that differ from his beliefs in the Catholic faith. Ultima teaches Antonio that the tragic consequences of life can be overcome by the magical strength that resides in the human kernel. Ultima shows Antonio how to experience the magic of life with his heart and not with his eyes. For the first time, he sees the river not as something to be feared but as a source of life, I had been afraid of the awful straw man of the river, which was the soul of the river, but through her I learned that my spirit shared in the spirit of all things. The river is both creative and destructive in nature. It is this brand-new magical way of seeing the river that will help Antonio understand many of the events that occur in the novel. Ultima also teaches Antonio to appreciate nature and helps him develop a religious relationship with the plants of the llano. It is this growing harmony with the earth that will later help Antonio connect with his heritage and the ancient ways of his ancestors. Ultima teaches him the magic of nature, even the plants had a spirit, and onward I dug she made me speak to the plant and tell it why we pulled it from its home in the earth. Antonio learns which plants are good for healing but more importantly he learns of Ultimas nobility and grace as they wonder the llano together. Ultima teaches Antonio that one must give back to the earth what has been taken away. It is this spirit... ... will base his own dreams, out of those things that were so much a part of my childhood. In the novel, Bless Me, Ultima, Antonio learns about his relationship with his universe. Through the teachings of Ultima, he lea rns to see with his heart and to appreciate all the magic that nature beholds. The river of life is never ending like the river that binds the llano to Guadalupe. All that Antonio has experienced is symbolized in the river and the life that surrounds it. Ultimately, it is his teacher and friend, Ultima, which teaches Antonio that life is a cycle and that understanding oneself brings peace and harmony. The river also serves to bind the past, present, and future. Antonio learns that his future is tied to his past and that his destiny will be guided by an understanding of his heritage and the magical strength that resides in the human heart.

Burger King Case Study Essay

Burger King or McDonalds? In the United States, these two companies equally compete for consumers. Americans usually upgrade maven company over the some other or just choose to eat at whichever is to a greater extent convenient to them. For the American people, Burger King is as vulgar of a household name as McDonalds. However, in Japan, the Burger King brand is one that is not very well known. Burger King has been difficult to tap into the Nipponese grocery store for some time now. McDonalds, KFC, and Pizza Hut are the leading fast fodder market chains as of today, plainly Burger King is trying to make it into this region of the world. With U.S. markets saturated, and the mad cow disease scare slowing sales of Burger King in Europe, it is so important for Burger King to saturate some other market, Japan. Much research has been done to think of new and effective ways to penetrate the Nipponese market through market. Our group of researchers have put unitedly an in depth report on the issues within the marketing of Burger King in Japan. They have discovered the master(prenominal) cause for this need in marketing and what necessitate to be done to solve Burger Kings marketing issues. Situation AnalysisT here(predicate) are many differences between eastern and western sandwich culture regarding the eating place industry. In Western Culture space is to a greater extent easily attainable. It is easier for new companies to take part the market in the restaurant industry because it is more accepting of diversity. Food trends in this culture differ dramatically from eastern culture. In the western culture, significance of food is not greatly valued and is completeered in access creating more waste. The western culture is vast and heterogeneous. Many cultures are accepted creating a vast variety of fusion food sold here in the west culture. In restaurants a bigger variety of different food can be found on the menu. In the Eastern culture, food defines the culture. Each country has its own unique and cultural dishes that signifies the past. The middle easts favorite top meat ingredient is lamb and it is substituted for beef. as well as most of the centre of attention East is Islamic so that means that many of the of their dietary rules are observed because of religious factors. In Asia, food and culture is divided into three main regions southwest (India), southeast (Vietnam) and northeast (Japan). India uses more vegetarian ingredients such as beans, sift, and spices.Vietnam focuses on stir-frying, steaming, orboiling when preparing their food. In Japan, many use the spices they used for their for religious ceremonies. Also in Japan, space is very limited due to overpopulation of people. The Japanese market is maxed out making it very challenging for new companies such as restaurants to enter the restaurant industry. To the Japanese consumer, the significance of food is valued and they feel it is important to not waste it. Th e norm of their culture is to conserve and not let anything go to waste. Food is offered in small portions for this particular reason. Japan has a very homogeneous culture. They are set in the ways that they do things and dont deviate from their way of life. In Japans restaurant industry, it is more common to see rice and vegetables on the menu. In the case study one of the reasons why Burger King is unsuccessful in Japan is because they are trying to push western culture in an eastern market. Burger King doesnt check that they have to tailor their menu to meet the needs of the eastern pallet. They are not offering the foods that appeal to the people of Japan. There are number of other reasons why BK has not make out successful in Japan Weak advertising.Upon researching commercials for Burger King in Japan, it is apparent that their advertising doesnt appeal to their consumer market. Forcing higher(prenominal) prices than their contender (McDonalds).McDonalds has been established for more than 25 years and is the most popular hamburger restaurant. Most consumers are price consciousThere is no market place for them because they havent completely established their brand. BK in Japan does not look like they have established any goals as to how they want to present their brand No differentiation among competitorsThey havent fully achieved brand recognitionTheyre trying to be an upscale restaurant which doesnt fit the market. Targeted market is too narrow only catering to a younger crowd They need to reach out to the older population.The bell of having blast broil grills is not cost effective.BK is hiding the most unique characteristics because its too expensive to build it in front of the restaurant. The cypher promotion cost are beingoverlooked while opening too many stores. BK is just wants to try to take over the competitor market when in reality they are failing.Problem DefinitionThe problem with Japan is brand image. Burger King wants to expand without building a brand that the Japanese consumers are willing to spend extra money for a burger. Analysis of AlternativesFocus on freshnessBurger King has stated that its main focus is producing handed-down burgers. Instead of the typical two pickles and some ketchup, focus on the nutritional value such as fresh lettuce, tomatoes, onions, and pickles. Fix branding image branch themselves as a more upscale restaurant A example, better training of the staff and cleaner facilities. This may avoid burger wars. Appeal to younger genesisStudies have shown that the younger generation is willing to spend more money on nice things. Burger King should try to target this market by decent an upscale burger restaurant. Also, anime commercials may attract a younger crowd. Place flame broiled grills in front of store.With the gas restrictions are becoming more lenient, having customers visibly see how burgers are made will attract more customers and provide free advertisement just by word of mouth. Attract customers by smell.Venting the exhaust from the grill will release the smell of burgers cooking into the public. This could reach the customers 5 sense of smell, touch, see, taste, and hear. All of this elements could attract more customers to a red-hot flame broiled Whopper. Continue integrating Burger King into existing storesBuilding stand-alone restaurants is expensive. By adding small restaurants into high traffic areas (train/gas stations) it will be a great selling location because of the high volume of customers stopping and waiting. Also, land is so scarce in Japan, partnering will help minimize costs and providesa definite location for the restaurant. Adding Japanese influence into store.May become more relatable to the culture so customers will be dining in a comfortable environment. booster showsSponsor physical challenge show comparable to MXC (Most Extreme Elimination). Making the obstacle courses resemble Burger King. Example have some customers confine on Whoppers or placing the Burger King Emblem to help positively advertise working out with burgers. Themes in restaurantThe rock and roll theme is germinal but the drawbacks are that theyll only be known as the rock and roll themed restaurant. A Burger King could be known as a themed restaurant by having different themes in each restaurant. One themed restaurant can have revolving carts where the consumers can sit down and just pick their order off a conveyor belt right by their table. RecommendationTop Recommendation Ranking1. Fixing brand image2. Promote freshness of ingredients3. Adding flame broil grills in front of restaurants4. Integrate Burger King into existing stores such as gas station or train station 5. Focus on Millennial demographic6. Promote Japanese culture in restaurants7. Spend more on promotional advertising8. Attract customers by smell9. Sponsor Shows10. Theme in different restaurantsSWOT AnalysisDuring the research it can be said that Burger King in Japan is tryin g their best to become a real competitor in the fast food industry. I believe that Burger King has the ability to succeed if only better decisions are made. It is explicit that many BK restaurants are being developed in a rapid amount oftime. A Japanese proverb wishing to eat the fugu, but wishing to live too states that Fugu is a delicious fish which has a poison in it which leads to death if eaten, so in order to eat it has to be prepared by a skillful cook who knows how to properly get rid of the poison. This proverb illustrates situation when there is a bit of risk in taking the action and expresses concern about the outcome. In all seriousness, it is a risk to rapidly open BK restaurants without the concern of not stretching its potential goal of succeeding. Burger King Japan needs to sit down and focus on how they want to show the consumer what the BK industry is about. Next, corporate should pick up thinking outside of the box and adding more cultural options instead of bu ns and beef. I have discovered that a black bun burger Kuno Burger has made its way to Japan. Further research on the success needs to be analyzed. Did the consumers like it? Did they know it existed? How did you advertise the sandwich? What will happen if you add rice dishes on the menu? Or fish sandwiches?Also, I believe a way to help Burger King find its target market is by communicate individuals what they would like to see, taste, hear, smell, and touch. Maybe have more events and a taste testing between two competing burger restaurants. One target market can be tourists see Japan. Some tourists are thrilled to see that their comfort zone is all of a sudden changed because of cultural influences. McDonalds has successfully changed its menu to fit more of the consumer needs which has proven to be the top restaurant to beat. Burger King needs to be more aware of their tactics and build a better team to run into out how to attend to all customers from all around the world (whet her the want something familiar or something new).In conclusion, Burger King has to reconsider its standpoint in Japan. It has proved to establish itself successfully in other countries. In the maxed out market economy of Japan, Burger King can has potential to grow. Corporate needs to band together to better figure out the brand image before expanding itself too thin.

Punitive Articles of the Ucmj Article 89 Essay

Any person subject to this chapter who behaves with disrespect toward his superior commissi sensationd policeman sh distributively be punished as a court-martial whitethorn direct.Context.(1) That the charge did or omitted current acts or used certain language to or concerning a certain commissi peerlessd armed services officer (2) That much(prenominal) doings or language was directed toward that officer (3) That the officer toward whom the acts, omissions, or linguistic communication were directed was the superior commissi cardinald officer of the accused (4) That the accused then knew that the commissioned officer toward whom the acts, omissions, or words were directed was the accuseds superior commissioned officer and (5) That, under the circumstances, the behavior or language was disrespectful to that commissioned officer.Explanation.(1) Superior commissioned officer.(a) impeach and victim in uniform armed force. If the accused and the victim are in the same armed force , the victim is a superior commissioned officer of the accused when either superior in wander or command to the accused however, the victim is non a superior commissioned officer of the accused if the victim is inferior in command, even though superior in rank.(b) Accused and victim in different armed forces. If the accused and the victim are in different armed forces, the victim is a superior commissionedofficer of the accused when the victim is a commissioned officer and superior in the chain of command oer the accused or when the victim, not a medical checkup officer or a chaplain, is senior in value to the accused and both are detained by a hostile entity so that recourse to the pattern chain of command is prevented. The victim is not a superior commissioned officer of the accused merely because the victim is superior in grade to the accused.(c) accomplishment of office. It is not necessary that the superior commissioned officer be in the execution of office at the time of the disrespectful behavior.(2) noesis. If the accused did not get along that the person against whom the acts or words were directed was the accuseds superior commissioned officer, the accused whitethorn not be convicted of a violation of this name. Knowledge whitethorn be proved by circumstantial evidence.(3) Disrespect. Disrespectful behavior is that which detracts from the respect due the authority and person of a superior commissioned officer. It whitethorn consist of acts or language, however expressed, and it is immaterial whether they refer to the superior as an officer or as a private individual. Disrespect by words may be conveyed by abusive epithets or early(a) contemptuous or denunciatory language. Truth is no defense. Disrespect by acts includes neglecting the customary salute, or showing a marked disdain, indifference, insolence, impertinence, undue familiarity, or other rudeness in the presence of the superior officer.(4) Presence. It is not essential that the d isrespectful behavior be in the presence of the superior, alone ordinarily one should not be held accountable under this article for what was said or buste in a purely private conversation.(5) Special defenseunprotected victim. A superior commissioned officer whose conduct in relation to the accused under all the circumstances departs substantially from the required standards appropriate to that officers rank or position under similar circumstances loses the protection of thisarticle. That accused may not be convicted of being disrespectful to the officer who has so lost the entitlement to respect protected by Article 89.Nonjudicial Punishment (Article 15) Commanders whoreson for Discipline ART. 15. COMMANDING OFFICERS NON-JUDICIAL PUNISHMENT(a) Under such regulations as the President may range, and under such additional regulations as may be prescribed by the Secretary concerned, limitations may be placed on the powers granted by this article with respect to the kind and amoun t of penalty authorized, the categories of commanding officers and warrant officers exercising command authorized to exercise those powers, the applicability of this article to an accused who demands trial by court-martial, and the kinds of courts-martial to which the case may be referred upon such a demand. However, except in the case of a member attached to or embarked in a vessel, penalty may not be obligate upon any(prenominal) member of the armed forces under this article if the member has, before the imposition of such punishment, demanded trial by court-martial in lieu of such punishment.Under similar regulations, rules may be prescribed with respect to the breakout of punishments authorized by regulations of the Secretary concerned, a commanding officer exercising world-wide court-martial jurisdiction or an officer of general or flag rank in command may delegate his powers under this article to a principal assistant. (b) Subject to subsection (a) any commanding officer may, in addition to or in lieu of admonition or reprimand, impose one or more of the following disciplinary punishments for minor disrespects without the intervention of a court-martial (1) Upon officers of his command(A) Restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 30 attendant long time (B) if imposed by an officer exercising general court-martial jurisdictions or an officer of general flag rank in command (i) arrest in quarters for not more than 30 attendant geezerhood (ii) forfeiture of not more than one-half of one months be per month for two months (iii) restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 60 consecutive days (iv) postponement of not more than one-half of one months wages per month forthree months (2) upon other personnel of his command(A) if imposed upon a person attached to or embarked in a vessel, confinement on bread and peeing or diminished rations fo r not more than three consecutive days (B) correctional custody for not more than seven consecutive days (C) forfeiture of not more than seven days pay(D) simplification to the next inferior pay grade, if the grade from which demoted is within the promotion authority of the officer imposing the reduction or any officer subordinate to the one who imposes the reduction (E) extra duties, including dig or other duties, for not more than 14 consecutive days (F) restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 14 consecutive days (G) detention of not more than 14 days pay(H) if imposed by an officer of the grade of major or lieutenant commander, or above (i) the punishment authorized under clause (A)(ii) correctional custody for not more than 30 consecutive days (iii) forfeiture of not more than one-half of one months pay per month for two months (iv) reduction to the lowest or any intermediate pay grade, if the grade from which demoted is within the promotion authority of the officer imposing the reduction or any officer subordinate to the one who imposes the reduction, by an enlisted member in a pay grade above E-4 may not be reduced more than two pay grades (v) extra duties, including fatigue or other duties, for not more than 45 consecutive days (vi) restriction to certain specified limits, with or without suspension from duty, for not more than 60 consecutive days (vii) detention of not more than one-half of one months pay per month for three months.Detention of pay shall be for a stated period of not more than one year but if the offenders term of service expires earlier, the detention shall terminate upon that expiration. No two or more of the punishments of arrest in quarters, confinement or bread and water or diminished rations, correctional custody, extra duties, and restriction may be combined to run consecutively in the maximum amount impossible for each. Whenever any of those punishments are combined to run consecutively, there must be an apportionment. In addition, forfeiture ofpay may not be combined with detention of pay without an apportionment. For the purpose of this subsection, correctional custody is the physical restraint of a person during duty or non-duty hours and may include extra duties, fatigue duties, or hard labor. If practicable, correctional custody will not be served in immediate association with persons awaiting trial or held in confinement pursuant to trial by court-martial. (c) An officer in charge may impose upon enlisted members delegate to the unit of which he is in charge such of the punishment authorized under subsection (b)(2)(A)-(G) as the Secretary concerned may specifically prescribe by regulation.(d) The officer who imposes the punishment authorized in subsection (b), or his successor in command, may, at any time, suspend probationally any part or amount of the unexecuted punishment imposed and may suspend probationally a reduction in grade or forfe iture imposed under subsection (b), whether or not executed. In addition, he may, at any time, remit or mitigate any part or amount of the unexecuted punishment imposed and may set aside in whole or in part the punishment, whether executed or unexecuted, and restore all rights, privileges and property affected. He may similarly mitigate reduction in grade to forfeiture or detention of pay. When mitigating (1) arrest in quarters to restriction(2) confinement on bread and water or diminished rations to correctional custody (3) correctional custody confinement on bread and water or diminished rations to extra duties or restriction, or both or (4) extra duties to restriction the mitigated punishment shall not be for a greater period than the punishment mitigated. When mitigating forfeiture of pay to detention of pay, the amount of detention shall not be greater than the amount of the forfeiture. When mitigating reduction in grade to forfeiture or detention of pay, the amount of the for feiture or detention shall not be greater than the amount that could have been imposed initially under this article by the officer who imposed the punishment mitigated.(e) A person punished under this article who considers his punishment unjust or disproportionate to the offense may, through proper channels, invoke to the next superior authority. The appeal shall be promptly forwarded and decided, but the person punished may in the meantime be required to undergo the punishment adjudged. The superior authority may exercise the same powerswith respect to punishment imposed as may be exercised under subsection (d) by the officer who imposed the punishment. Before playing on appeal from a punishment of(1) arrest in quarters for more than seven days(2) correctional custody for more than seven days(3) forfeiture of more than seven days pay(4) reduction of one or more pay grades from the fourth or a higher pay grade(5) extra duties for more than 14 days(6) restriction for more than 14 d ays or(7) detention of more than 14 days pay the authority who is to act on the appeal shall refer the case to a judge advocate or a lawyer of theDepartment of Transportation for servant and advice, and may so refer the case upon appeal from any punishment imposed under subsection (b). (f) The imposition and enforcement of disciplinary punishment under this article for any act or omission is not a bar to trial by court-martial for a serious crime or offense growing out of the same act or omission, and not properly punishable under this article but the fact that a disciplinary punishment has been enforced may be shown by the accuse upon trial, and when so shown shall be considered in determining the measure of punishment to be adjudged in the event of a finding of guilty. (g) The Secretary concerned may, by regulation, prescribe the form of records to be kept under this article and may also prescribe that certain categories of those proceedings shall be in writing. CUSTOMS4-1. The army has its own customs, both official and social. Some have been handed down from the distant past while others are of comparatively recent origin. Those customs that endure stand on their own merits. As a long established social organization, the Army observes a tot up of customs that add to the interest, pleasure, and graciousness of Army life.Often it is these customs and traditions, strange to the civilian eye but solemn to the soldier, that keep the man in the coherent going in the unexciting times of peace. In war they keep him fighting at the front. The fiery regimental spirit fondly polished over decades and centuries possesses him in the face of the enemy. The soldier fights for the regiment, hisbattalion, his company, his platoon, his section, his comrade.4-2. A custom is an established practice. Customs include positive actions-things you do, and taboos-things you avoid. All established arts, trades, and professions, all races of people, all nations, and even differe nt sections of the same nation have their own practices and customs by which they govern a part of their lives.4-3. Many Army customs compliment procedures required by military courtesy, while others add to the graciousness of garrison life. The breach of some Army customs merely brands the offender as ignorant, careless, or ill bred. Violations of other Army customs, however, will bring official censure or disciplinary action. The customs of the Army are its common law. These are a few * Never notice the Army or a leader in public.* Never go over the heads of superiors-dont jump the chain of command. * Never offer excuses.* Never put out a superiors rank by saying something like, the first sergeant wants this done now, when in fact the first sergeant said no such thing. Speak with your own voice. * Never turn and walk away to avoid giving the hand salute. * Never run indoors or jeopardize you dont hear (while driving, for example) to avoid standing reveille or retreat. * Never a ppear in uniform while under the influence of alcohol. * If you dont know the answer to a superiors question, you will never go wrong with the response, I dont know sir, but Ill find out.COURTESIES4-4. Courtesy among members of the Armed Forces is vital to maintain discipline. Military courtesy means good manners and politeness in dealing with other people. Courteous behavior provides a basis for developing good human relations. The distinction between civilian and military courtesy is that military courtesy was create in a military atmosphere and has become an integral part of serving in uniform.4-5. most forms of military courtesy have some counterpart in civilian life. For example, we train soldiers to say sir or maam when talking to a higher ranking officer. Young men and women are sometimes taught to say sir to their fathers or maam to their mothers and to a fault to other elders. It is often considered good manners for a younger person to say sir or maam when speaking to an older person. The use of the word sir is also common in the business world, such as in the salutation of a earn or in any well-ordered institution.4-6. Military courtesy is not a one-way street. Enlisted personnel are expected to be courteous to officers and likewise officers are expected to return the courtesy. Mutual respect is a vital part of military courtesy. In the final analysis, military courtesy is the respect shown to each other by members of the same profession. Some of the Armys more common courtesies include rendering the hand salute, standing at attention or parade rest, or even addressing others by their rank.

Chameleon Chips

INTRODUCTION Todays micro central processors sport a general-purpose frame which has its own advantages and disadvantages. ? Adv One cut short spate run a range of designs. T dons why you dont withd stinging separate computers for different jobs, such as crunching spreadsheets or editing digital photos ? Disadv For any wizard application, much of the cut shorts circuitry isnt needed, and the presence of those wasted circuits slows things down. Suppose, instead, that the scraps circuits could be tailored specific all(a)y for the problem at presentsay, computer-aided designand indeed rewired, on the fly, when you loaded a tax-preparation program.One set of fightings, little spoiledger than a credit card, could do almost anything, until now changing into a wireless phone. The commercialize for such versatile marvels would be huge, and would translate into lower costs for substance abusers. So computer scientists argon hatching a novel concept that could increase number-c runching originatorand trim costs as puff up. Call it the chameleon cheque. Chameleon chips would be an extension of what basis already be make with field-programmable provideway arrays (FPGAS). An FPGA is covered with a football field of wires. At a rear crossover, at that places a switch that provoke be semipermanently opened or closed by sending it a special target.Usually the chip must first be inserted in a little box that sends the programming signals. just flat, labs in Europe, Japan, and the U. S. atomic number 18 developing techniques to rewire FPGA- interchangeable chips anytimeand even parcel that backside map out circuitry thats perfectd for specific problems. The chips still wont change colors. But they whitethorn well color the way we use computers in years to come. it is a fusion in the midst of custom integrated circuits and programmable logic. in the case when we ar doing super exerciseance oriented tasks custom chips that do one or devil t hings spectacularly rather than lot of things averagely is use.Now using field programmed chips we give up chips that gouge be rewired in an instant. Thus the benefits of customization preempt be brought to the mass market. picA reconfigurable processor is a microprocessor with erasable ironwargon that can rewire itself self-propelledally. This allows the chip to adapt effectively to the programming tasks demanded by the deviateicular computer softw ar they ar interfacing with at any presumption time. I palmly, the reconfigurable processor can transform itself from a video chip to a central touch on unit of measurement (cpu) to a graphics chip, for archetype, all optimized to allow applications to run at the highest possible speed.The reinvigorated chips can be foreknowed a chip on demand. In hardheaded terms, this ability can translate to immense flexibility in terms of contrivance functions. For example, a single cheat could coiffe as both a camera and a tape recorder (among numerous rough other possibilities) you would simply download the desired softw atomic number 18 product and the processor would reconfigure itself to optimize coifance for that function. Reconfigurable processors, competing in the market with handed-down hard-wired chips and several types of programmable microprocessors.Programmable chips confound been in existence for over ten years. Digital signal processors (DSPs), for example, argon high- murder programmable chips utilise in carrel phones, auto wide awakes, and heterogeneous types of music players. A nonher version, programmable logic chips are equipped with arrays of retentivity cells that can be programmed to perform computer ironware functions using software product program tools. These are to a greater extent flexible than the specialized DSP chips only mixtureredly slower and more expensive. Hard-wired chips are the oldest, cheapest, and tumultuousest but excessively the least flexible o f all the options. Chameleon chipsHighly flexible processors that can be reconfigured remotely in the field, Chameleons chips are designed to simplify communication frame design while delivering increase price/performance be. The chameleon chip is a high bandwidth reconfigurable communications processor (RCP). it aims at changing a corpses design from a remote berth. This testament mean more versatile handhelds. Processors die hard at 24,000 16-bit million operations per second (MOPS), 3,000 16-bit million multiply-accumulates per second (MMACS), and provide 50 channels of CDMA2000 chip-rate processing.The 0. 25-micron chip, the CS2112 is an example. These untried chips are able to rewire themselves on the fly to create the exact hardware needed to run a mo of software at the maximum speed. an example of such kind of a chip is a chameleon chip. this can also be called a chip on demand Reconfigurable cypher goes a smell beyond programmable chips in the matter of flexibilit y. It is not only possible but relatively commonplace to order the silicon so that it can perform new functions in a reveal second. Reconfigurable chips are simply the extreme end of programmability. The overall performance of the ACM can surpass the DSP because the ACM only constructs the actual hardware needed to execute the software, whereas DSPs and microprocessors force the software to fit its given architecture. One reason that this type of versatility is not possible today is that handheld gadgets are typically built around highly optimized specialty chips that do one thing really well. These chips are fast and relatively cheap, but their circuits are literally write in stone or at least in silicon. A multipurpose gadget would have to have many specialized chips a pricey and clumsy solution.Alternately, you could use a general-purpose microprocessor, like the one in your PC, but that would be slow as well as expensive. For these reasons, chip designers are turning incre asingly to reconfigurable hardwareintegrated circuits where the architecture of the internal logic elements can be arranged and rearranged on the fly to fit extra(a) applications. Designers of multimedia administration systems face three significant challenges in todays ultra-competitive marketplace Our products must do more, cost less, and be brought to the market quicker than ever.though each of these goals is individually attainable, the hat trick is generally unachievable with traditional design and implementation techniques. Fortunately, some new techniques are emerging from the study of reconfigurable computing that make it possible to design systems that satisfy all three studyments simultaneously. Although originally proposed in the late 1960s by a researcher at UCLA, reconfigurable computing is a relatively new field of study. The decades-long delay had mostly to do with a lack of acceptable reconfigurable hardware.Reprogrammable logic chips like field programmable gat e arrays (FPGAs) have been around for many years, but these chips have only recently reached gate densities making them suitable for high-end applications. (The densest of the current FPGAs have approximately 100,000 reprogrammable logic gates. ) With an anticipated doubling of gate densities ein truth 18 months, the situation go away only become more favorable from this pourboire forward. The primary product is a groundstation equipment for satellite communications.This application involves high-rate communications, signal processing, and a bod of network protocols and selective information formats. ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS Its applications are in, ? data-intensive Internet ? DSP ? wireless base place ? voice compression ? software-defined radio ? high-performance embedded telecom and datacom applications ? xDSL concentrators ? fixed wireless local gyrate ? multichannel voice compression ? multiprotocol packet and cell processing protocols Its advantages are ? can create cus tomized communications signal processors ? increased erformance and channel count ? can more quickly adapt to new requirements and standards ? lower development costs and reduce risk. FPGA One of the most promising arisees in the realm of reconfigurable architecture is a applied science called field-programmable gate arrays. The strategy is to build uniform arrays of thousands of logic elements, each of which can take on the personality of different, fundamental components of digital circuitry the switches and wires can be reprogrammed to operate in any desired pattern, effectively rewiring a chips circuitry on demand.A designer can download a new wiring pattern and investment firm it in the chips memory, where it can be easily accessed when needed. Not so hard after all Reconfigurable hardware first became practical with the introduction a hardly a(prenominal) years ago of a device called a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) by Xilinx, an electronics company that is now bas ed in San Jose, California. An FPGA is a chip consisting of a large number of logic cells. These cells, in turn, are sets of transistors wired together to perform simple logical operations.Evolving FPGAs FPGAs are arrays of logic blocks that are strung together through software commands to implement higher(prenominal)-order logic functions. Logic blocks are similar to switches with multiple inputs and a single output, and are used in digital circuits to perform binary operations. Unlike with other integrated circuits, developers can alter both the logic functions performed within the blocks and the connections amidst the blocks of FPGAs by sending signals that have been programmed in software to the chip.FPGA blocks can perform the same fast hardware functions as fixed-function ASICs, andto distinguish them from ASICsthey can be rewired and reprogrammed at any time from a remote location through software. Although it took several seconds or more to change connections in the earl iest FPGAs, FPGAs today can be configured in milliseconds. Field-programmable gate arrays have historically been applied as what is called glue logic in embedded systems, connecting devices with dissimilar bus architectures.They have oft been used to link digital signal processorscpus used for digital signal processingto general-purpose cpus. The growth in FPGA technology has lifted the arrays beyond the simple role of providing glue logic. With their current capabilities, they clearly now can be classed as system-level components just like cpus and DSPs. The largest of the FPGA devices made by the company with which one of the authors of this article is affiliated, for example, has more than 150 billion transistors, seven propagation more than a Pentium-class microprocessor.Given todays time-to-market pressures, it is increasingly critical that all system-level components be easy to integrate, especially since the phase involving the integration of multiple technologies has becom e the most long part of a products development cycle. To Integrating Hardware and Software systems designers producing mixed cpu and FPGA designs can take advantage of deterministic real-time operating systems (RTOSs). deterministic software is corteged for controlling hardware. As such, it can be used to efficiently manage the content of system data and the flow of such data from a cpu to an FPGA.FPGA developers can work with RTOS suppliers to facilitate the design and deployment of systems using combinations of the two technologies. FPGAs operating in conjunction with embedded design tools provide an high-minded platform for developing high-performance reconfigurable computing solutions for medical putz applications. The platform concomitants the design, development, and testing of embedded systems based on the C language. Integration of FPGA technology into systems using a deterministic RTOS can be streamlined by means of an enhanced application programming interface (API).T he blending of hardware, firmware, application software, and an RTOS into a platform-based approach removes many of the development barriers that still limit the functionality of embedded applications. Development, profiling, and analysis tools are available that can be used to analyze computational hot floater in compute and to perform low-level timing analysis in multitasking environments. One way developers can use these analytical tools is to determine when to design a function in hardware or software. Profiling enables them to quickly identify functionality that is frequently used or computationally intensive.Such functions may be primeval candidates for moving from software to FPGA hardware. An integrated suite of run-time analysis tools with a run-time error checker and visual interactive profiler can help developers create higher-quality, higher-performance code in little time. An FPGA consists of an array of configurable logic blocks that implement the logical functions. In FPGAs, the logic functions performed within the logic blocks, and sending signals to the chip can alter the connections between the blocks.These blocks are similar in structure to the gate arrays used in some ASICs, but whereas standard gate arrays are configured and fixed during manufacture, the configurable logic blocks in new FPGAs can be rewired and reprogrammed repeatedly in around a microsecond. One advantages of FPGA is that it unavoidably small time to market Flexibility and Upgrade advantages moth-eaten to make . We can configure an FPGA using Very High Density Language VHDL Handel C Java . FPGAs are used presently in Encryption Image Processing Mobile Communications . FPGAs can be used in 4G mobile communicationThe advantages of FPGAs are that Field programmable gate arrays offer companies the possibility of develloping a chip very quickly, since a chip can be configured by software. A chip can also be reconfigured, either during execution time, or as part of an upgr ade to allow new applications, simply by loading new condition into the chip. The advantages can be seen in terms of cost, speed and power consumption. The added functionality of multi-parallelism allows one FPGA to replace multiple ASICs. The applications of FPGAs are in ? image processing ? encryption ? mobile communication memory management and digital signal processing ? telephone units ? mobile base station. Although it is very hard to predict the direction this technology allow take, it seems more than likely that future silicon chips will be a combination of programmable logic, memory blocks and specific function blocks, such as floating point units. It is hard to predict at this early stage, but it looks likely that the technology will have to change over the coming years, and the rate of change for major(ip) players in todays marketplace such as Intel, Microsoft and AMD will be crucial to their survival.The precise behaviour of each cell is determined by loading a string of numbers into a memory underneath it. The way in which the cells are interconnected is specified by loading another set of numbers into the chip. Change the first set of numbers and you change what the cells do. Change the second set and you change the way they are linked up. Since even the most complicated chip is, at its heart, nothing more than a bunch of interlinked logic circuits, an FPGA can be programmed to do almost anything that a conventional fixed piece of logic circuitry can do, just by loading the right numbers into its memory.And by loading in a different set of numbers, it can be reconfigured in the twinkling of an eye. Basic reconfigurable circuits already play a huge role in telecommunications. For instance, relatively simple versions made by companies such as Xilinx and Altera are widely used for network routers and switches, enabling circuit designs to be easily updated electronically without replacing chips. In these early applications, however, the speed at w hich the chips reconfigure themselves is not critical.To be quick enough for personal information devices, the chips will need to completely reconfigure themselves in a millisecond or less. That kind of chameleon device would be the killer app of reconfigurable computing These experts predict that in the beside couple of years reconfigurable systems will be used in cell phones to handle things like changes in telecommunications systems or standards as users travel between calling regions or between countries.As it is getting more expensive and difficult to pattern, or etch, the spread out circuitry used in microprocessors many experts have predicted that maintaining the current rate of putting more circuits into ever smaller spaces will, sometime in the next 10 to 15 years, result in features on microchips no bigger than a few atoms, which would demand a nearly impossible level of precision in fabricating circuitry But reconfigurable chips dont need that type of precision and we can make computers that function at the nanoscale level.CS2112 (a reconfigurable processor developed by chameleon systems) RCP architecture is designed to be as flexible as an FPGA, and as easy to program as a digital signal processor (DSP), with real-time, visual rectifyging capability. The development environment, comprising Chameleons C-SIDE software tool suite and CT2112SDM development kit, enables customers to develop and debug communication and signal processing systems running on the RCP.The RCPs development environment helps overcome a fundamental design and debug challenge facing communication system designers. In order to build sufficient performance, channel capacity, and flexibility into their systems, todays designers have been forced to employ an amalgamation of DSPs, FPGAs and ASICs, each of which requires a unique design and debug environment.The RCP platform was designed from the ground up to alleviate this problem first by significantly exceeding the performance a nd channel capacity of the fastest DSPs second by integrating a complete SoC subsystem, including an embedded microprocessor, PCI core, DMA function, and high-speed bus and third by consolidating the design and debug environment into a single platform-based design system that affords the designer comprehensive visibility and control.The C-SIDE software suite holds tools used to compile C and assembly code for execution on the CS2112s embedded microprocessor, and Verilog simulation and synthesis tools used to create parallel datapath kernels which run on the CS2112s reconfigurable processing fabric. In addition to code genesis tools, the package contains source-level debugging tools that support simulation and real-time debugging. Chameleons design approach leverages the methods employed by most of todays communications system designers.The designer starts with a C program that models signal processing functions of the baseband system. Having identified the dataflow intensive funct ional blocks, the designer implements them in the RCP to accelerate them by 10- to 100-fold. The designer creates equivalent functions for those blocks, called kernels, in Chameleons reconfigurable assembly language-like design portal language. The assembler then automatically generates standard Verilog for these kernels that the designer can verify with commercial Verilog simulators.Using these tools, the designer can compare testbench results for the original C functions with similar results for the Verilog kernels. In the next phase, the designer synthesises the Verilog kernels using Chameleons synthesis tools targeting Chameleon technology. At the end, the tools output a bit file that is used to configure the RCP. The designer then integrates the application level C code with Verilog kernels and the rest of the standard C function. Chameleons C-SIDE compiler and linker technology makes this integration step transparent to the designer.The CS2112 development environment makes a ll chip registers and memory locations accessible through a development console that enables full processor-like debugging, including features like single-stepping and setting breakpoints. Before actually productising the system, the designer must frequently perform a system-level simulation of the data flow within the context of the overall system. Chameleons development board enables the designer to connect multiple RCPs to other devices in the system using the PCI bus and/or programmable I/O pins.This helps prove the design concept, and enables the designer to profile the performance of the whole basestation system in a real-world environment. With telecommunications OEMs facing shrinking product life cycles and increasing market pressures, not to mention the constant flux of protocols and standards, its more necessary than ever to have a platform thats reconfigurable. This is where the chameleon chips are going to make its effect felt. The Chameleon CS2112 Package is a high-ban dwidth, reconfigurable communications processor aimed at ? second- and third-generation wireless base stations fixed point wireless local loop (WLL) ? voice over IP ? DSL(digital subscriber line) ? High end dsp operations ? 2G-3G wireless base stations ? software defined radio ? security processing Traditional solutions such as FPGAs and DSPs lack the performance for high-bandwidth applications, and fixed function solutions like ASICs incur impossible limits Each product in the CS2000 family has the same fundamental functional blocks a 32-bit RISC processor, a full-featured memory controller, a PCI controller, and a reconfigurable processing fabric, all of which are interconnected by a high-speed system bus.The above mentioned fabric comprises an array of reconfigurable tiles used to implement the desired algorithms. Each tile contains seven 32-bit reconfigurable datapath units, quaternary blocks of local store memory, two 1624-bit multipliers, and a control logic unit. Basic Arc hitecture pic Components ? 32-bit Risc ARC processor 125MHz ? 64 bit memory controller ? 32 bit PCI controller ? reconfigurable processing fabric (RPF) ? high speed system bus ? programmable I/O (160 pins) ? DMA Subsystem ? Configuration Subsystem More on the architecture of RPF 4 Slices with 3 Tiles in each.Each tile can be reconfigured at runtime Tiles contain Datapath Units Local Store Memories 1624 multipliers examine Logic Unit The C-SIDE design system is a fully integrated tool suite, with C compiler, Verilog synthesizer, full-chip simulator, as well as a debug and verification environment an element not readily found in ASIC and FPGA design flows, according to Chameleon. Still, reconfigurable chips represent an attempt to combine the best features of hard-wired custom chips, which are fast and cheap, and programmable logic device (PLD) chips, which are flexible and easily brought to market.Unlike PLDs, changefuls reconfigurable chips can be reprogrammed every few nan oseconds, rewiring circuits so they are processing global status satellite signals one moment or CDMA cellular signals the next, Think of the chips as consisting of libraries with preset hardware designs and chalkboards. Upon receiving instructions from software, the chip takes a hardware component from the subroutine library (which is stored as software in memory) and puts it on the chalkboard (the chip). The chip wires itself instantly to run the software and dispatches it.The hardware can then be erased for the next cycle. With this flare of computing, its chips can operate 80 times as fast as a custom chip but still consume less power and board space, which translates into lower costs. The company believes that soft silicon, or chips that can be reconfigured on the fly, can be the heart of multifunction camcorders or digital television sets. With programmable logic devices, designers use inexpensive software tools to quickly develop, simulate, and test their designs. Then, a design can be quickly programmed into a device, and immediately tested in a live circuit.The PLD that is used for this prototyping is the exact same PLD that will be used in the final production of a piece of end equipment, such as a network router, a DSL modem, a DVD player, or an automotive navigation system. The two major types of programmable logic devices are field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and complex programmable logic devices (CPLDs). Of the two, FPGAs offer the highest amount of logic minginess, the most features, and the highest performance FPGAs are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from data processing and storage, to instrumentation, telecommunications, and digital signal processing.To overcome these limitations and offer a flexible, cost-effective solution, many new entrants to the DSP market are extolling the virtues of configurable and reconfigurable DSP designs. This latest breed of DSP architectures promises greater flexibility to quickly adapt to numerous and fast-changing standards. Plus, they claim to arrive at higher performance without adding silicon area, cost, design time, or power consumption. In essence, because the architecture isnt rigid, the reconfigurable DSP lets the developer tailor the hardware for a specific task, achieving the right size and cost for the target application.Moreover, the same platform can be reused for other applications. Because development tools are a critical part of this solutionin fact, theyre true enablersthe newcomers also fasten that the tools are robust and tightly linked to the devices flexible architectures. While providing an intuitive, integrated development environment for the designers, the manufacturers ensure affordability as well. RECONFIGURING THE ARCHITECTURE Some of the new configurable DSP architectures are reconfigurable toothat is, developers can modify their landscape on the fly, depending on the incoming data stream.This capability permits dynamic reconfigurabi lity of the architecture as demanded by the application. Proponents of such chips are proclaiming an era of chip-on-demand, wherein new algorithms can be accommodated on-chip in real time via software. This eliminates the cumbersome job of adapted the latest algorithms and protocols into existing rigid hardware. A reconfigurable communications processor (RCP) can reconfigured for different processing algorithms in one clock cycle. Chameleon designers are rewriting the architecture to create a chip that can address a much broader range of applications.Plus, the supplier is preparing a new, more user-friendly suite of tools for traditional DSP designers. Thus, the company is dropping the term reconfigurability for the new architecture and going with a more traditional name, the streaming data processor (SDP). Though the SDP will include a reconfigurable processing fabric, it will be substantially altered, the company says. Unlike the older RCP, the new chip wont have the ARM RISC co re, and it will support a much higher clock rate. Additionally, it will be implemented in a 0. 13-m CMOS process to meet the signal processing needs of a much broader market.Further details await the release of SDP sometime in the first quarter of 2003. While Chameleon is in the redesign mode, QuickSilver Technologies is in the test mode. This reconfigurable proponent, which p makes to call its architecture an adaptive computing machine or ACM, has get ind its first silicon test chip. In fact, the tests indicate that it outperforms a hardwired, fixed-function ASIC in processing compute-intensive cdma2000 algorithms, like system acquisition, rake finger, and set maintenance. For example, the ASICs nominal speed for searching 215 phase offsets in a basic multipath search algorithm is 3. seconds. The ACM test chip took just one second at a 25-MHz clock speed to perform the same number of searches in a cdma2000 handset. Likewise, the device accomplishes over 57,000 adaptations per seco nd in rake-finger operation to cycle through all operations in this application every 52 s (Fig. 1). In the set-maintenance application, the chip is almost three times faster than an ASIC, claims QuickSilver. THE power of a computer stems from the fact that its behaviour can be changed with little more than a do drugs of new software.A desktop PC might, for example, be browsing the Internet one minute, and running a spreadsheet or entering the virtual world of a computer game the next. But the ability of a microprocessor (the chip that is at the heart of any PC) to handle such a variety of tasks is both a strength and a weaknessbecause hardware dedicated to a particular job can do things so much faster. Recognising this, the designers of modern PCs often hand over such tasks as processing 3-D graphics, decoding and playing movies, and processing soundthings that could, in theory, be done by the basic microprocessorto specialist chips.These chips are designed to do their particular jobs extremely fast, but they are inflexible in comparison with a microprocessor, which does its best to be a jack-of-all-trades. So the hardware approach is faster, but using software is more flexible. At the moment, such reconfigurable chips are used mainly as a way of conjuring trick up specialist hardware in a hurry. Rather than designing and building an entirely new chip to carry out a particular function, a circuit designer can use an FPGA instead. This speeds up the design process enormously, because making changes becomes as simple as downloading a new configuration into the chip.Chameleon Systems also develops reconfigurable chips for the high-end telecom-switching market. RECONFIGURABLE PROCESSORS A reconfigurable processor is a microprocessor with erasable hardware that can rewire itself dynamically. This allows the chip to adapt effectively to the programming tasks demanded by the particular software they are interfacing with at any given time. Ideally, the reconfigura ble processor can transform itself from a video chip to a central processing unit (cpu) to a graphics chip, for example, all optimized to allow applications to run at the highest possible speed.The new chips can be called a chip on demand. In practical terms, this ability can translate to immense flexibility in terms of device functions. For example, a single device could serve as both a camera and a tape recorder (among numerous other possibilities) you would simply download the desired software and the processor would reconfigure itself to optimize performance for that function. Reconfigurable processors, competing in the market with traditional hard-wired chips and several types of programmable microprocessors. Programmable chips have been in existence for over ten years.Digital signal processors (DSPs), for example, are high-performance programmable chips used in cell phones, automobiles, and various types of music players. While microprocessors have been the dominant devices i n use for general-purpose computing for the last decade, there is still a large gap between the computational efficiency of microprocessors and custom silicon. Reconfigurable devices, such as FPGAs, have come closer to closing that gap, offering a 10x benefit in computational density over microprocessors, and often offering another potential 10x improvement in yielded functional density on low granularity operations.On highly steady computations, reconfigurable architectures have a clear superiority to traditional processor architectures. On tasks with high functional diversity, microprocessors use silicon more efficiently than reconfigurable devices. The BRASS throw off is developing a coupled architecture which allow a reconfigurable array and processor core to cooperate efficiently on computational tasks, exploiting the strengths of both architectures. We are developing an architecture and a prototype component that will combine a processor and a high performance reconfigurable array on a single chip.The reconfigurable array extends the serviceableness and efficiency of the processor by providing the means to tailor its circuits for special tasks. The processor improves the efficiency of the reconfigurable array for irregular, general-purpose computation. We anticipate that a processor combined with reconfigurable resources can achieve a significant performance improvement over either a separate processor or a separate reconfigurable device on an interesting range of problems drawn from embedded computing applications. As such, we hope to demonstrate that this composite device is an ideal system element for embedded processing.Reconfigurable devices have proven extremely efficient for certain types of processing tasks. The key to their cost/performance advantage is that conventional processors are often limited by instruction bandwidth and execution restrictions or by an insufficient number or type of functional units. Reconfigurable logic exploits more program parallelism. By dedicating significantly less instruction memory per active computing element, reconfigurable devices achieve a 10x improvement in functional density over microprocessors.At the same time this lower memory ratio allows reconfigurable devices to deploy active capacity at a finer grained level, allowing them to realize a higher yield of their raw capacity, sometimes as much as 10x, than conventional processors. The high functional density device characteristic of reconfigurable devices comes at the expense of the high functional diversity characteristic of microprocessors. Microprocessors have evolved to a highly optimized configuration with clear cost/performance advantages over reconfigurable arrays for a large set of tasks with high functional diversity.By cartel a reconfigurable array with a processing core we hope to achieve the best of both worlds. While it is possible to combine a conventional processor with commercial reconfigurable devices at the cir cuit board level, integration radically changes the i/o costs and design point for both devices, resulting in a qualitatively different system. Notably, the lower on-chip communication costs allow efficient cooperation between the processor and array at a finer grain than is sensible with clear-cut designs. RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTINGWhen we talk about reconfigurable computing were usually talking about FPGA-based system designs. Unfortunately, that doesnt qualify the term precisely enough. System designers use FPGAs in many different ways. The most common use of an FPGA is for prototyping the design of an ASIC. In this scenario, the FPGA is present only on the prototype hardware and is replaced by the corresponding ASIC in the final production system. This use of FPGAs has nothing to do with reconfigurable computing. However, many system designers are choosing to leave the FPGAs as part of the production hardware.Lower FPGA prices and higher gate counts have helped drive this change. Such systems retain the execution speed of dedicated hardware but also have a great deal of functional flexibility. The logic within the FPGA can be changed if or when it is necessary, which has many advantages. For example, hardware bug fixes and upgrades can be administered as easily as their software counterparts. In order to support a new version of a network protocol, you can redesign the internal logic of the FPGA and send the enhancement to the modify customers by email.Once theyve downloaded the new logic design to the system and restarted it, theyll be able to use the new version of the protocol. This is configurable computing reconfigurable computing goes one step further. Reconfigurable computing involves manipulation of the logic within the FPGA at run-time. In other words, the design of the hardware may change in response to the demands placed upon the system while it is running. Here, the FPGA acts as an execution engine for a variety of different hardware functions some executing in parallel, others in serial much as a CPU acts as an execution engine for a variety of software threads.We might even go so far as to call the FPGA a reconfigurable processing unit (RPU). Reconfigurable computing allows system designers to execute more hardware than they have gates to fit, which works especially well when there are parts of the hardware that are occasionally idle. One theoretical application is a smart cellular phone that supports multiple communication and data protocols, though just one a time. When the phone passes from a geographic region that is served by one protocol into a region that is served by another, the hardware is automatically reconfigured.This is reconfigurable computing at its best, and using this approach it is possible to design systems that do more, cost less, and have shorter design and implementation cycles. Reconfigurable computing has several advantages. ? First, it is possible to achieve greater functionality with a simpl er hardware design. Because not all of the logic must be present in the FPGA at all times, the cost of supporting supernumerary features is reduced to the cost of the memory required to store the logic design. Consider again the multiprotocol cellular phone.It would be possible to support as many protocols as could be fit into the available on-board ROM. It is even conceivable that new protocols could be uploaded from a base station to the handheld phone on an as-needed basis, thus requiring no additional memory. ? The second advantage is lower system cost, which does not manifest itself exactly as you might face. On a low-volume product, there will be some production cost savings, which result from the elimination of the expense of ASIC design and fabrication.However, for higher-volume products, the production cost of fixed hardware may actually be lower. We have to think in terms of aliveness system costs to see the savings. Systems based on reconfigurable computing are upgrada ble in the field. Such changes extend the useful life of the system, thus reducing lifetime costs. ? The final advantage of reconfigurable computing is reduced time-to-market. The fact that youre no longer using an ASIC is a big help in this respect. There are no chip design and prototyping cycles, which eliminates a large amount of development effort.In addition, the logic design cadaver flexible right up until (and even after) the product ships. This allows an incremental design flow, a luxury not typically available to hardware designers. You can even ship a product that meets the minimum requirements and add features after deployment. In the case of a networked product like a set-top box or cellular telephone, it may even be possible to make such enhancements without customer involvement. RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE Traditional FPGAs are configurable, but not run-time reconfigurable.Many of the older FPGAs stock to read their configuration out of a serial EEPROM, one bit at a time . And they can only be made to do so by asserting a chip reset signal. This means that the FPGA must be reprogrammed in its entirety and that its previous internal state cannot be captured beforehand. Though these features are compatible with configurable computing applications, they are not sufficient for reconfigurable computing. In order to benefit from run-time reconfiguration, it is necessary that the FPGAs involved have some or all of the following features.The more of these features they have, the more flexible can be the system design. Deciding which hardware objects to execute and when Swapping hardware objects into and out of the reconfigurable logic Performing routing between hardware objects or between hardware objects and the hardware object framework. Of course, having software manage the reconfigurable hardware usually means having an embedded processor or microcontroller on-board. (We expect several vendors to introduce single-chip solutions that combine a CPU core a nd a block of reconfigurable logic by years end. The embedded software that runs there is called the run-time environment and is analogous to the operating system that manages the execution of multiple software threads. Like threads, hardware objects may have priorities, deadlines, and contexts, etc. It is the job of the run-time environment to ready this information and make decisions based upon it. The reason we need a run-time environment at all is that there are decisions to be made while the system is running. And as human designers, we are not available to make these decisions. So we impart these responsibilities to a piece of software.This allows us to write our application software at a very high level of abstraction. To do this, the run-time environment must first locate space within the RPU that is large enough to execute the given hardware object. It must then perform the necessary routing between the hardware objects inputs and outputs and the blocks of memory reserved for each data stream. Next, it must checkout the appropriate clock, reprogram the internal logic, and restart the RPU. Once the object starts to execute, the run-time environment must continuously monitor the hardware objects status flags to determine when it is done executing.Once it is done, the caller can be notified and given the results. The run-time environment is then free to reclaim the reconfigurable logic gates that were taken up by that hardware object and to wait for additional requests to arrive from the application software. The principal benefits of reconfigurable computing are the ability to execute larger hardware designs with fewer gates and to realize the flexibility of a software-based solution while retaining the execution speed of a more traditional, hardware-based approach. This makes doing more with less a reality.In our own business we have seen tremendous cost savings, simply because our systems do not become obsolete as quickly as our competitors because reconfigurable computing enables the addition of new features in the field, allows speedy implementation of new standards and protocols on an as-needed basis, and protects their investment in computing hardware. Whether you do it for your customers or for yourselves, you should at least consider using reconfigurable computing in your next design. You may find, as we have, that the benefits far exceed the initial learning curve.And as reconfigurable computing becomes more popular, these benefits will only increase. ADVANTAGES OF RECONFIGURABILITY The term reconfigurable computing has come to refer to a loose class of embedded systems. Many system-on-a-chip (SoC) computer designs provide reconfigurability options that provide the high performance of hardware with the flexibility of software. To most designers, SoC means encapsulating one or more processing elementsthat is, general-purpose embedded processors and/or digital signal processor (DSP) coresalong with memory, input/output de vices, and other hardware into a single chip. These versatile chips can erform many different functions. However, while SoCs offer choices, the user can choose only among functions that already reside inside the device. Developers also create ASICschips that handle a limited set of tasks but do them very quickly. The limitation of most types of complex hardware devicesSoCs, ASICs, and general-purpose cpusis that the logical hardware functions cannot be modified once the silicon design is complete and fabricated. Consequently, developers are typically forced to amortize the cost of SoCs and ASICs over a product lifetime that may be extremely short in todays volatile technology environment.Solutions involving combinations of cpus and FPGAs allow hardware functionality to be reprogrammed, even in deployed systems, and enable medical instrument OEMs to develop new platforms for applications that require rapid adaptation to input. The technologies combined provide the best of both worlds for system-level design. Careful analysis of computational requirements reveals that many algorithms are well suited to high-speed sequential processing, many can benefit from parallel processing capabilities, and many can be broken down into components that are split between the two.With this in mind, it makes sense to always use the best technology for the job at hand. Processors are best suited to general-purpose processing and high-speed sequential processing (as are DSPs), while FPGAs excel at high-speed parallel processing. The general-purpose capability of the cpu enables it to perform system management very well, and allows it to be used to control the content of the FPGAs contained in the system.This symbiotic relationship between cpus and FPGAs also means that the FPGA can off-load computationally intensive algorithms from the cpu, allowing the processor to go through more time working on general-purpose tasks such as data analysis, and more time communicating with a pri nter or other equipment. Conclusion These new chips called chameleon chips are able to rewire themselves on the fly to create the exact hardware needed to run a piece of software at the utmost speed. an example of such kind of a chip is a chameleon chip. his can also be called a chip on demand Reconfigurable computing goes a step beyond programmable chips in the matter of flexibility. It is not only possible but relatively commonplace to rewrite the silicon so that it can perform new functions in a split second. Reconfigurable chips are simply the extreme end of programmability. Highly flexible processors that can be reconfigured remotely in the field, Chameleons chips are designed to simplify communication system design while delivering increased price/performance numbers.The chameleon chip is a high bandwidth reconfigurable communications processor (RCP). it aims at changing a systems design from a remote location. this will mean more versatile handhelds. Its applications are in, data-intensive Internet,DSP,wireless basestations, voice compression, software-defined radio, high-performance embedded telecom and datacom applications, xDSL concentrators,fixed wireless local loop, multichannel voice compression, multiprotocol packet and cell processing protocols.Its advantages are that it can create customized communications signal processors ,it has increased performance and channel count, and it can more quickly adapt to new requirements and standards and it has lower development costs and reduce risk. A FUTURISTIC fancy One day, someone will make a chip that does everything for the ultimate consumer device. The chip will be smart enough to be the brains of a cell phone that can transmit or receive calls anywhere in the world. If the reception is poor, the phone will automatically adjust so that the quality improves.At the same time, the device will also serve as a handheld organizer and a player for music, videos, or games. Unfortunately, that chip doesnt ex ist today. It would require flexibility high performance low power and low cost But we might be getting closer. Now a new kind of chip may reshape the semiconductor landscape. The chip adapts to any programming task by effectively erasing its hardware design and regenerating new hardware that is perfectly suited to run the software at hand.These chips, referred to as reconfigurable processors, could tilt the balance of power that has preserved a decade-long standoff between programmable chips and hard-wired custom chips. These new chips are able to rewire themselves on the fly to create the exact hardware needed to run a piece of software at the utmost speed. an example of such kind of a chip is a chameleon chip. this can also be called a chip on demand Reconfigurable computing goes a step beyond programmable chips in the matter of flexibility.It is not only possible but relatively commonplace to rewrite the silicon so that it can perform new functions in a split second. Reconfi gurable chips are simply the extreme end of programmability. If these adaptable chips can reach a cost-performance parity with hard-wired chips, customers will chuck the static hard-wired solutions. And if silicon can indeed become dynamic, then so will the gadgets of the information age. No longer will you have to grease ones palms a camera and a tape recorder. You could just buy one gadget, and then download a new function for it when you want to take some pictures or make a recording.Just think of the possibilities for the fickle consumer. Programmable logic chips, which are arrays of memory cells that can be programmed to perform hardware functions using software tools, are more flexible than DSP chips but slower and more expensive For consumers, this means that the day isnt far away when a cell phone can be used to talk, transmit video images, connect to the Internet, maintain a calendar, and serve as entertainment during travel delays without the need to plug in organiser hardware REFERENCES BOOKS Wei Qin Presentation , Oct 2000 (The part of the presentation regarding CS2000 is covered in this page) IEEE conference on Tele-communication, 2001. WEBSITES www. chameleon systems. com www. thinkdigit. com www. ieee. org www. entecollege. com www. iec. org www. quicksilver technologies. com www. xilinx. com ABSTRACT Chameleon chips are chips whose circuitry can be tailored specifically for the problem at hand. Chameleon chips would be an extension of what can already be done with field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAS). An FPGA is covered with a grid of wires.At each crossover, theres a switch that can be semipermanently opened or closed by sending it a special signal. Usually the chip must first be inserted in a little box that sends the programming signals. But now, labs in Europe, Japan, and the U. S. are developing techniques to rewire FPGA-like chips anytimeand even software that can map out circuitry thats optimized for specific problems. The chips still wont change colors. But they may well color the way we use computers in years to come. It is a fusion between custom integrated circuits and programmable logic. n the case when we are doing highly performance oriented tasks custom chips that do one or two things spectacularly rather than lot of things averagely is used. Now using field programmed chips we have chips that can be rewired in an instant. Thus the benefits of customization can be brought to the mass market. limit ? INTRODUCTION ? CHAMELEON CHIPS ? ADVANTAGES AND APPLICATION ? FPGA ? CS2112 ? RECONFIGURING THE ARCHITECTURE ? RECONFIGURABLE PROCESSORS ? RECONFIGURABLE COMPUTING ? RECONFIGURABLE HARDWARE ? ADVANTAGES OF RECONFIGURABILITY ? CONCLUSION pic

Eastern Orthodox Essay

I. OriginThe Eastern Orthodox church building and Roman Catholicism were branches of the same bodythe One, sanctum, Catholic and Apostolic church service until 1054 AD, which is the date of the beginning(a) major division and the beginning of denominations in Christianity. The Christian Church carve up into two Churches, East and West. Both Churches believe that they be the original Church established by Jesus Christ and the Apostles, and they disapprove each other. The Church in the East added orthodox, which comes from the Greek word orthodxia, to show that they retain the original teachings and traditions. either Church in the Eastern Orthodox system send word trace their roots back to the five early Christianity centerthe Roman Church, the Jerusalem Church, Antioch, the Alexandrian Church and the Church of Constantinople. Although in all Orthodox Churches recognize the Patriarch of Constantinople as the ecumenical Patriarch and the supreme draw, the Churches are indepen dent of each other in the mutual recognition of state instead of entirely united.Disagreements between the two branches of ChristianityEastern Orthodox and Roman Catholicismhad long existed even before the division, and miscellanea magnitude throughout the first millennium. Their disputes include issues pertaining to the nature of the Holy Spirit, the use of icons in worship, and the correct date to celebrate Easter. Also, the Eastern mindset inclined more toward philosophy, religious mysticism and ideology. They reject rationalism, as they believe that unless god speaks out, humans can not know him through reason. The Western outlook guided more by a practical and legal mentality, a perfect example being the Summa Theologica by St. Thomas which successfully fused Aristotelian philosophy with ideology. The Catholics believe that humans can one daylight see the true body of the Lord through rationality. With these disputes worsening and the gaps widening, separation was inevitabl e.The slow process of it was encouraged in 330 AD when emperor moth Constantine moved the capital of the Roman Empire to the city of Byzantium and called in Constantinople. After he died, the Roman empire was divided by his two sons into the Eastern portion, which was control from Constantinople, and the Western portion, which was ruled from Rome. The formal split took place in 1045 AD when Pope Leo IX, leader of the Roman Church at the age, excommunicated the Patriarch of Constantinople, Michael Cerularius, leader of the Eastern Church. Cerularius then condemned the Pope in mutual excommunication. Michael Cerularius was the Patriarch of Constantinople from 1043-1058 AD, and played a prominent role in the East-West Schism.In 1045 he wrote a earn to the Pope claiming the title ecumenical patriarch and addressing Pope Leo as brother rather than father. It can be argued that it was this letter that initiated the events which followed. At the m the two primary disputes were Romes cl aim to a universal papal supremacy and the adding of the word filioque to the Nicene Creed. Filioque is a Latin word which subject matter and from the Son. By inserting it to the Nicene Creed during the 6th century, the phrase pertaining to the origin of the Holy Spirit who proceeds from the Father was changed to who proceeds from the Father and the Son.The change was made to emphasize Christs divinity, but was strongly objected by the Eastern Christians, as they not only opposed whatsoever alteration of anything by the first ecumenical council, but also disagreed with its new implication. Eastern Christians believe that both the Holy Spirit and the Son have their origin in the Father. During the time of the Crusades beginning in 1095, Rome joined the East in fight against the Turks to defend the Holy Land. But by the end of the Forth Crusade in 1204, all hope for potential reconciliation between the two Churches was over as the hostility between them continued to worsen. The Eas tern and Western Churches remain divided and separate until present day.II. Institutional StructureThe Orthodox Church is evangelical, but not Protestant. It is orthodox, but not Jewish. It is Catholic, but not Roman. It isnt non-denominationalit is pre-denominational. It has believed, taught, sustaind, defended and died for the Faith of the Apostles since the day of Pentecost 2000 years ago.Steve RobinsonThe Orthodox Catholic Church is the second largest Christian Church in the world and the religious denomination of the majority of the population in Russia, Greece, Belarus, Ukraine, Moldova, Georgia, Romania, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, Bulgaria and Cyprus. Orthodoxy plays a smaller role in a dozen other countries Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and the U. S. It also consists of churches in scattered presence in other countries. The Orthodox Church has an Episcopal organizational structure where con secrated bishops are the chief ecclesiastical officers in each diocese and have the power to ordain priests.The Church believes in the Apostolic Succession, which means that the consecration of its bishops can be traced back to Jesus apostles. The Orthodox Church is composed of several self-governing ecclesial bodies, each geographically and nationally different but theologically unified. Each self-governing body, often but not always encompassing a nation, is shepherded by a Holy Synod whose duty, among other things, is to preserve and teach the apostolic and patristic traditions and related church practices.III. Basic Belief SystemIn Orthodox history, events that have transformed the external appearance of the Orthodox worldthe capture of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem by Arab Muslims the burning of Kiev by the Mongols the two sacks of Constantinople the October Revolutionhave neer broken the inward continuity of the Orthodox Church. Thegreatest characterization of the Ortho dox faith is its antiquity, its apparent changelessness, its continuity with the Apostolic Church and that it follows the faith and practices defined by the first seven Ecumenical Councils. For the Orthodox Christians, the doctrine of the Holy Trinity underlies all theology and spirituality. Salvation is personal and underlines particularity, yet also communal and implies sharing there is a uniqueness and oneness in the human person, in good-will and in creation.It is also on the doctrine of the Holy Trinity that the councilor and hierarchical structure of the Orthodox Church rests. The mystery story of the Trinity is revealed in the supreme act of love, the Incarnation of the churchman Word that became flesh, assuming and healing humanity and creation entirely. Participation in the defied humanity of Jesus Christ is the ultimate goal of the Christian life, accomplished through the Holy Spirit. In the seven Sacraments and in the life of the Church, each person is called to theos is or nonesuch, for immortal became human in order that humanity might be divinized. When stateing these beliefs, the Orthodox look for consistency with Scripture and Tradition, as manifested in the life of the Church and the early Church Fathers, but will search also for new formulations of this tradition. External criteria of righteousness are lacking for Orthodox Christians seek the living put through of truth accessible in the communion of Saints.Thus they are reluctant to define matters of faith with too much precision, in the firm conviction that truth is never exhausted. The apophatic or negative approach safeguards the transcendence of God even while designating His immanence it also affirms the uniqueness of each person portend and humanthat they may never be reduced to anything less than a mystery. Integral to the long history and tradition of the Orthodox Christian faith are the Icons, which further reflect the divine glory and beauty. The Incarnation of Christ impli es that God became fully human and therefore accessible and describable. God is not only mum but, at the Incarnation, is looked upon and seen.An Orthodox Church is, therefore, filled with icons invariably depicting Christ or the Saints of the Church, and an Orthodox Christian kisses and assigns veneration to those depicted by them. Icons are never worshiped, and they are the Christian faith and histories depicted in images and constitute part of the transfigured cosmos. Today people tend to think of the Orthodox Church as a vast, world-wide institution. Yet the concept of universality as expressed in the local community is a fundamental principle of Orthodox doctrine. Each local observance gathering is related on the principle of identity.IV. MoralityEastern Orthodoxy does not differ from the larger Christian principles of moral thought and action in any way, but does offer a unique view on Christianitys promised redemption. It teaches a doctrine of theosis, or unity with God, whi ch is a kind of deification that is obtainable to all. The Orthodox doctrine of theosis is grounded in several key New Testiment scriptures. In the epistles of Paul, he repeatedly describes the Christian life as life in Christ. In the Gospel of John, Jesus prayed, My prayer is not for them alone. I pray also for those who will believe in me through their message, that all of them may be one, be in us so that the world may believe that you have sent me (John 1720-21). The idea of this mutual indwelling, God in us and we in God, is a constant theme in Johns Gospel. In the Second Letter of Peter he says, Through these he has given us his very great and precious promises, so that through them you may participate in the divine nature and escape the corruption in the world caused by evil desires (2 Peter 14) The goal of the Christian life, and its expected outcome, is to partake in the divine nature.This is theosis, or deification, and the idea merits special discussion so that its meani ng is not distorted. The hoped-for mystical union between God and human is a true union, but it is a union with Gods energies, not the divine essence. Humans remain fully human and distinct from God. But they become perfected in grace, so that every element of ego and selfishness disappears and they are able to reflect the divine light. Few Christians will experience theosis before the mean solar day of Judgment, but on that day, Christians will be resurrected and glorified by God, raiment in a spiritual body that radiates the divine light. Still, deification begins in the here and now, in the daily lives of ordinary Christians. All Christians are called to follow Gods commandments, and as long as they try to do so, however weak their efforts may be, or however often they may fail, they become in round way deified. Deification begins in repentance, and is nurtured through the normal routines of the Christian life.To become deified, the Christian should go to church, regularly par ticipate in the sacraments, pray to God with honesty and great sincerity, read the Gospels, and follow the commandments. The most important commandments are love of God and neighbor. To love God is to live in and for others, which is why some of the greatest of the Eastern Orthodox saints are remembered for their service to others, such as St. Basil of Caesarea (c. 330-379) caring for the sick, or St. John the Almsgiver (d. 619) caring for the poor. Sincere dedication to following the commandments and living life within the church bears with it the promise of redemption fulfilled in the resurrection of a radiant body and soul.But Christians may look front to even more than this. The Bible speaks of a new heaven and a new earth (Revelation 211) and of the hope that the creation itself will be deliver (Romans 822). In these scriptures, Eastern Orthodoxy sees the promise of a cosmic redemption, in which all of material creation is transfigured. This belief in the redemption as deific ation rests in the Orthodox interpretation of the doctrine of the Incarnation. By choosing to become human, God became flesh and blood, thereby sanctifying material as well as immaterial creation. Because of this, all of material creation can look forward to its ultimate redemption, in which pain, death, and suffering will cease, along with hostility and enmity, and all of creation will be transfigured. The first fruits of this promise can already be seen as fulfilled in the divine power that works through the holy relics, in the divine presence in the icons, and in the radiant transfigured faces of the hesychasts.V. WorshipThe life of an Orthodox Christian can be seen as being composed of five wheels. original of all, there is the cycle of life, which embraces the whole life of a man from birth to death, and which consists in liturgical actions which are not repeated, occurring only once in a persons lifetime. There are Holy Baptism, Holy Chrismation (equivalent to Confirmation i n the West) and the Burial Service. In addition, there also belongs in this great cycle the Sacraments or Sacramental Blessings which bestow special grace for a particular office or vocation with the community. These are Holy Matrimony, the Monastic Tonsure and Holy Orders.Another major cycle which involves the entire life of an Orthodox Christian is the daily cycle of prayers and praises offered by the Church, once every twenty-four hours. These services express our remembrance of events which happened at certain hours and contain petitions relevant to these memories. In antiquity the day was considered to begin at sunset and divided according to the following order. nighttime began at 6 p.m. and was divided into four parts called watches, which means the time of changing guards Evening (6 p.m. to 9 p.m.), Midnight (9 p.m. to 12 midnight), Cock-crow (12 midnight to 3 a.m.), and Morning (3 a.m. to 6 a.m.). Day began at 6 a.m. and was too divided into four watches (or hours) First H our (6 a.m. to 9 a.m.), Third Hour (9 a.m. to 12 noon), Sixth Hour (12 noon to 0 3 p.m.), and Ninth Hour (3 p.m. to 6 p.m.).